Ludmila Ghlonti

This study is the first attempt to use geochemical techniques to evaluate geothermal reservoir in Georgia. The geographical area of the study is named the Tbilisi geothermal reservoir and belongs to the Sartichala sub-zone of the Adjara-Trialeti folded system of the Lesser Caucasus. Thirteen thermal water samples were taken from existing thermal boreholes on the territory of Tbilisi, additionally one sample of river Legvtakhevi, to be used as cold water component for estimation of reservoir temperature. The samples revealed the majority have Na-K-HCO3 composition compared to just few of them Na-K-Cl-SO4 and Ca-Mg[1]SO4-Cl. Water-type changes from bicarbonate to Sulfate-Chloride from the West to the East were also observed. Reservoir temperature estimations by silica-enthalpy method is 130 ºC, 163 ºC, 212 ºC. The results of this and other current studies manifest the need for further researches and the steps and methodology thereof.

The geological and geophysical conditions of gas hydrates formation in the Guria Trough in the Black Sea and results of studying of heat flow distribution and calculations of temperatures in the sedimentary complex of the Eastern Black Sea region are given in this work. The results are presented in the form of maps of heat flow and deep temperatures. The results of studies of gas hydrates conducted in cooperation with German scientists from the University of Bremen during the sea cruises. It is shown, that in the case of Guria Trough intensive gassing (Batumi seep) observed is associated with the content of gas hydrates in marine sediments in the region.

In order to assess karstic water origin and groundwater flow routes, mapping of the territory of West Georgia by using stable isotope application was initiated. Isotopic composition of various karstic groundwater sources in recharge and discharge areas of karst aquifers was studied on samples taken in the territory of southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains.

The method of determining thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and thermal conductivity coefficients of rocks is discussed in the paper, which is based on the study of the change in the field created by a flat instantaneous heat source. A flat heat probe design is proposed, which has a number of advantages over existing probes. The results of measuring the thermal parameters of some rocks using a new probe are given. Comparison of these results with previously obtained data indicates the reliability of the proposed methodology and the new probe.

Ajara-Trialeti mineral waters stand out by the numerous outcrops and the variety of gas composition. Here, comparatively in a small area carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane, cold, warm and hot waters are fixed. The proposed article summarizes the main results of the survey conducted in 2015 - 2017 years mo[1]nitoring of Ajara-Trialeti mineral waters and considerations on ways to increase their resource potential.

There is studied the content of micro-organisms in the different sections of the trench soil, correlation between the characteristic properties of microbes and physico-chemical composition of the soil.The role of selected bacteria and fungus in the development of corrosion processes in metal pipes, the their number impact on the degree of metals biodamages and on the flow processes of biocorrosion are installed.

As a result of conducted monitoring in the 2015_2016 years of Adjara-Trialeti mineral waters there has been found, that there are processes reducing production rates and changes in the chemical composition in some springs of mineral water. There are discussed some of them, in particular mineral waters “Kokotauri”, “Bogauri”, “Nabeglavi” and “Nunisi” in which most clearly are showed these phenomena.

There are discussed the underground mineral and thermal waters in canyon of Adjaristskali River (Georgia), which are distinguished with diverse chemical composition and physical properties. Although waters resources are relatively low, that, in authors’ opinion, due to the fact, that on this area has not been relevant geological exploration of mineral and thermal waters. There is justified revelations of additional resources of these waters, on the basis of which it is possible to organize bottling potable-curative mineral waters and construction of balneoclimatic health resorts for year-round operation.

The possibility of leaching silicon from quartz was studied. The results of the research showed that the maximum amount of extracted silicon was 86 kg per 1 t of rock. Further experiments are needed to improve the effectiveness of this method.

The release of metals from cane, ore and waste by soil microorganisms is discussed through multiple populations. In the proposed method of bacterial extraction bio-organic complex made on the basis of peat is involved in the process. It is established Biochemical action of microbes to extract rare, precious and radioactive metals Different trends of enrichment. The method can be used for production waste and to clean the bulk from toxic elements.

The paper describes the composition of the gases released as a result of the biological treatment of ores and rocks from the production wastes, ores and rocks of the Chiaturi manganese and Madneuli copper deposits. As studies have shown, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of gases released during the leaching of metals from different types of substrates in the same region during microbiological treatment almost coincide, which indicates that the microflora of leached solutions formed in a niche of the same region is characterized by a similar metabolism.

The paper discusses the problem of the impact of electromagnetic weather changes on human health. The numerous data presented here verify the negative effect of solar activity especially on human vascular and nervous systems. The main attention is paid to the mechanism of action of the magnetic field on the human body. A This influence can be carried out through an informational mechanism, when the synchronous connection between exogenous "leading" natural rhythms and endogenous biorhythms is broken, which causes desynchronization of endogenous biorhythms and, as a result, health deterioration. Coincidence of frequencies of main harmonics of low-infrared electromagnetic fields generated by separate systems of the human body with resonant frequencies of Schumann, Alven natural resonators and short-period magnetic disturbances provides the basis for explaining the negative impact of magnetic storms on human health by the informational influence of weak natural fields of low-infrared frequencies.

Studying the thermal field of the Tbilisi deposit is especially urgent due to the need for power resources. A renewable, ecologically pure and relatively cheap energy deposit near a megalopolis makes it very valuable. For testing of thermal water resources and rational development of the Tbilisi deposit we are conducting hydrothermal and hydrodynamic research of thermal, productive and filtration properties (heat conductivity, thermo gradient, heat flow, temperature, pressure, efficiency and filtration factors, permeability, the skin-factor, etc.) of layers and bores in situ.

The paper presents the results of experimental determination of thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of some rocks taken in the territory of Tbilisi. The influence of the water content of the samples on the reliability of the results is studied. It has been shown that only paraffinizing the samples is not enough to preserve their natural water content. It is necessary to wet the test samples for some time before the experiment.

he paper presents the results of experimental determination of thermal conductivity, thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of some rocks taken in the territory of Tbilisi. The influence of the water content of the samples on the reliability of the results is studied. It has been shown that only paraffinizing the samples is not enough to preserve their natural water content. It is necessary to wet the test samples for some time before the experiment.

Four variants of temperature distribution on the beds in 10 support wells of aquifer horizons on the Lisi-Saburtalo plot have been calculated. The results of measurements of thermal parameters conducted by different authors are used to calculate temperatures. Based on them, using the Feflow 5.3 program, a three-dimensional model of the heat field of the Lisi-Saburtalo plot was realized.

Examination of tectonic, lithologic and geophysical (and most important geothermal) data complex in the East part of Black Sea (territory of Georgia) gives the possibility to distinguish the perspective oil-gas bearing structures – 3 on the land and 6 – on the sea. They are characterized down to the depth at temperature of T≤270°C –i.e. max value favourable for oil existence. Very often this depth on the sea does not exceed 5500m, but on the land it goes down to 7500m (Chakhathi) and even to 8400m (Chakvisthavi). It may be marked that the highest value of heat flow is determined in Georgia on the traverse Bathumi where the sea depth equals 1500 m (2,39HFU).

Western Georgia is rich in natural thermal waters and has a long history and traditions of their exploitation. These water resources are used locally only for balneological purposes. Increasing exploitation has led to a decrease in well pressure and flow. Based on the above-mentioned circumstances, it became necessary to study the thermal water resources in the territory of the plain of Western Georgia. Hydrodynamic tests were conducted to determine hydraulic parameters of aquifers (hydraulic permeability, permeability, etc.) - shut-in/open tests during flow of selected wells or pumping-injection tests on negative wells; And their influence on other wells was also determined (interference). The heat flow of thermal water and the composition of basic ions are also studied. A conceptual model of the thermal water aquifer was created using the existing and newly obtained data to implement the numerical model by the software "Feflow", which involves the description and delineation of the aquifer filling and discharge areas. The numerical model determines the hydrothermal resources, the possibility of creating geothermal circulation systems based on a pair of production and injection wells is analyzed to maintain the pressure in the aquifer and prevent its complete depletion. This will help to replace the traditional heat supply of the area with geothermal in the future.

Study of Tbilisi deposit thermal field becomes especially urgent due to modern demand of power resources. Availability of renewed, ecologically pure and cheap energy deposits near to a megalopolis makes it really invaluable. For testing of thermal water resources and development of rational exploitation conditions of Tbilisi deposits we carried out investigations on thermal properties (heat conductivity, thermal gradient, heat flow, temperature) of geological layers using borehole data. Tectonic faults divide the investigated area into three parts: LisiSaburtalo, Central and oil producing area. There were considered 10 boreholes in Lisi-Saburtalo, 20 in Central and 7 boreholes in oil producing area. Object of geothermal investigations is Middle Eocene water-bearing complex. The main goal is the determination of temperature conditions on the roof and the foot of the aquifer. Initial materials are the thermogram data and thermal characteristics of rocks, measured by the method of impulse flat heat source that has been developed by the authors.